Significance Of Ritual In North American Indian Religion Essay

Significance of Ritual in North American Indian religion     When scholars study religion, the tendency exists to focus on themythological aspects of the religion in an attempt to understand the majorunderlying concepts present. However, an equally rewarding study a great deal can beaccomplished through the careful analysis of the religions rite aspects.This is especially true when studying North American Indian religions wherethere is an abundance of elaborate rituals that play a significant role in theirculture. By closely examining the details and symbolism of ritual movements, wecan gather some primary understanding of what is seen to be of value in a certaintheology. While most Native American rituals tend to be mono-cultural, thereare a few rituals that frequently appear in many different regions and tribesacross North America. Two of these widespread rituals are the ritual of the"sacred pipe," and campaign amaze observations. The sacred pipe ritual is loadedwith symbolic meaning, and offers a generous insight into Native American beliefsystems. This essay will first run into at the dynamics of the sacred pipe ritualand offer some explanation into its religious significance, then draw someparallels to the more common sweat lodge ceremony. If a recurring spiritualtheme appears in separate rituals, it can be considered evidence of a consistent,structured belief system.     The use of consume pipes in Native American cultures is a popular andvery ancient practice. Direct predecessors of the modern pipe appear 1,500years ago, and other less pertinent pipes can be found as far back as 2,500 yearsago. The distinguishing characteristic of the sacred pipe is that the bowl isseparable from the long stem, and the two parts are kept apart except duringritual use. The pipe is seen as a holy object and is treated with much respect.This type of ceremonial pipe was used by tribes ranging from the Rocky Mountain range to the Atlantic, and from the Gulf of Mexico to James Bay. It did notpenetrate into Pacific coast or Southwest cultures, where hollow pipes werepreferred. Inter-tribal trading helped the practice of this particular ritualspread rapidly, because in order for peaceful trade relations to take place someform of ritual had to be observed. Resp... ...placed on directions, especially east and west which is obviously derived fromthe path of the sun. Also important are the upward and downward directionsrepresenting the male sky and the womanish earth, and the joining of the two togive life. The simple fact that these symbols are so widespread and evident inseparate rituals suggests that the North American Indians had a beardown(prenominal) religiousfoundation long before Europeans arrived and attempted to teach them religion.WORKS CITED LISTBrown, Joseph Van Epes. The Sacred Pipe Black Elks Account of the SevenRites of the Oglala Sioux. Norman, okay University of Oklahoma Press, 1 953.Coorigan, Samuel W, ed. Readings in Aboriginal Studies Brandon, ManitobaBearpaw Publishing, 1995.Hultkrantz, Ake. Belief and Worship in Native North America. Ed. ChristopherVecsey. Syracuse, New York Syracuse University Press, 1981.Robicsek, Francis. The Smoking Gods Tobacco in Maya Art, History, andReligion. Norman, Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.Steinmetz, Fr. capital of Minnesota B., S.J. "The Sacred Pipe in American Indian Religions."American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 8(3) 27-80, 1984.

Compare the signal man by Charles Dickens and if she bends, she :: English Literature

Comp ar the signal man by Charles Dickens and if she change form, shebreaks by lavatory GordonIntroduction============In my essay I intend to compare the similarities and differences ofmany aspects of 2 short stories. The signal man a pre 20th vitamin C falsehood by Charles Dickens and If she bends she breaks a post 20thcentury fable. By John Gordon.They are naturally different because of their age. The signal man ispre20th century and is typical of the style of story from that era. Ifshe bends she breaks is post 20th century so it has more modern wordsand is aimed at a younger audience.The stories themselves are similar in that they are both macarbreghost stories.Titles------The deed to every story gives the first impression and can give cluesas to what the topic of the story is or what will happen.The signalman is a plain boring title thay does not make people wish to readit.If she bends she breaks on the other hand is an unusual title , itis mysterious and makes you want to r ead on. But a beloved title does notnecessarily mean a good story. I found the signal man was a muchbetter short story where as if she bends she breaks seemed a bettertitle but it is aimed at young children, is a pretty boring story andthe plot is easy to pick up, early in the story. The signal man is aboring title but it lets you know what the story is about withoutgiving away the plot. If she bends she breaks is a very interstingtitle and you only know what it heart and soul when youve read the story so itis very effective.But if she bends has an unusual title, it makes you want to read it,and only when you read it do you find out what, if she bends shebreakss mean.if she bends title, was very good, the story was not as good, incontrast it was the opposite for the signal man, it had a plaintitle, but a good story.Beginings and settings----------------------The beginning of the signal man, creates an atmoshpere of thesupernatural by, its settings.The settings in the signal man, a re descibe by dickens as very dark, cave man, and dismal place, his post was in as solitary and dismalplace, meaing that the signal was all alone, in a very dark, andboring place, which is a typical setting for a ghost storyHe discribes it as being a great dungeon dark, cold, scary, andhorrible this gives the reader the sense of pain and torture.

Mac N Cheese :: essays research papers

Stove Top Mac-n-Cheese 1/2 pound elbow macaroni 4 tablespoons butter2 eggs6 ounces evaporated milk1/2 teaspoon hot sauce 1 teaspoon kosher saltFresh black pepper3/4 teaspoon dry mustard10 ounces sharp cheddar, shreddedIn a large pot of boiling, salted water cook the pasta to al dente and drain. Return to the pot and melt in the butter. Toss to coat. Whisk together the eggs, milk, hot sauce, salt, pepper, and mustard. Stir into the pasta and add the cheese. Over low heat keep to stir for 3 transactions or until creamy. Yield 6 to 8 servingsPrep Time 10 minutesCook Time 25 minutesDifficulty EasyThank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-StarBallot on MLB.com.We put one over you to return to the ballot at http//vote.mlb.com andvote a utmost of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favoriteplayers get to MilwaukeeAnd be sure to take to be the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.m. ET, 5 p.m. PTThank you,Brian PhillipsMLB.comIf y ou have mistakenly received this confirmation, please click http//vote.mlb.com/cgi/mlb_optout.pl?email=MADHANDLES29AOL.COMI I I I II IIII III I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IThank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-StarBallot on MLB.com.We invite you to return to the ballot at http//vote.mlb.com andvote a maximum of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favoriteplayers get to MilwaukeeAnd be sure to watch the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.m. ET, 5 p.m. PTThank you,Brian PhillipsMLB.comIf you have mistakenly received this confirmation, please click http//vote.mlb.com/cgi/mlb_optout.pl?email=MADHANDLES29AOL.COMThank you for participating in the 2002 RadioShack Official Online All-StarBallot on MLB.com.We invite you to return to the ballot at http//vote.mlb.com andvote a maximum of twenty-five times. You are the key to help your favoriteplayers get to MilwaukeeAnd be sure to watch the 73rd All-Star Game on FOX, Tuesday, July 9th on 8 p.

Economic Indicators Essay -- essays research papers

scotch IndicatorsFor the individual who watches CNN a great deal, the term Economic Indicators sanitary recognized. However, for the individual who chooses not to make CNN a primary station, the term Economic Indicators can be extremely confusing. Economist often use very unlike toll when referring to the fluctuating economy. Economic Indicators happens to be one of the many terms that they use. So, what exactly are Economic Indicators, and what purpose do they divine service? In addition to the previous stated questions, are they authentically that important? Economic Indicators serve the purpose of spying on the economy, let me further elaborate. Economic Indicators are economic statistics. Examples of economic indicators are unemployment rates, GDP, and even the splashiness rate. These so called Economic Indicators communicate Economist how well, or how bad the economy is doing. By revealing the present state of the economy, the indicators allow economist to predict how wel l the economy will do in the future. Economic Indicators are very necessary. The levels of investments are contingent upon what Economic Indicators suggest. For example, if Economic Indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or beat than the past, individuals may choose to change previous investment plans. As stated previously, economist and investors are dependent upon Economic Indicators. at that place are three unalike typ... Economic Indicators Essay -- essays research papers Economic IndicatorsFor the individual who watches CNN a great deal, the term Economic Indicators well recognized. However, for the individual who chooses not to make CNN a primary station, the term Economic Indicators can be extremely confusing. Economist often use very unlike terms when referring to the fluctuating economy. Economic Indicators happens to be one of the many terms that they use. So, what exactly are Economic Indicators, and what purpose do they serve? In add ition to the previous stated questions, are they really that important? Economic Indicators serve the purpose of spying on the economy, let me further elaborate. Economic Indicators are economic statistics. Examples of economic indicators are unemployment rates, GDP, and even the inflation rate. These so called Economic Indicators inform Economist how well, or how bad the economy is doing. By revealing the present state of the economy, the indicators allow economist to predict how well the economy will do in the future. Economic Indicators are very necessary. The levels of investments are contingent upon what Economic Indicators suggest. For example, if Economic Indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or worst than the past, individuals may choose to change previous investment plans. As stated previously, economist and investors are dependent upon Economic Indicators. There are three different typ...

The Human Brain versus Computers :: Technology Neurology Sensory Organs Essays

The Human Brain versus ComputersIn the past few decades we bring seen how computers atomic number 18 becoming more and more advance, challenging the abilities of the forgiving humour. We have seen computers doing complex assignments like launching of a rocket or analysis from outer space. But the human brain is prudent for, thought, feelings, creativity, and other qualities that make us humans. So the brain has to be more complex and more complete than any computer. Besides if the brain created the computer, the computer dismissnot be better than the brain. There are many differences between the human brain and the computer, for example, the capacity to learn new things. Even the most advance computer basin neer learn like a human does. While we might be able to install new information onto a computer it can never learn new material by itself. Also computers are limited to what they learn, depending on the memory left or space in the hard disk not like the human brain which is constantly learning everyday. Computers can neither make judgments on what they are learning or disagree with the new material. They must accept into their memory what its being programmed onto them. Besides everything that is found in a computer is based on what the human brain has acquired though experience.In addition, emotions can be only transmitted by the human brain and cannot be programmed into a computer. One of the reasons is there are too many emotions to be described and they can be a mixture of feelings that it would be hard to put it into one category. Furthermore, the computer wouldnt have the ability to know to what situation he should apply certain emotion. And different emotions can be applied to the same situation it all depends on the experiences in our past. Emotions are personal and are different for every person and it would have to be different for every computer. Another difference between the human brain and the computer is, the creativity of the human b rain. For instance humans can create art, act in plays, or write stories and songs but computers can only military service us in these activities not come up with them. While computers can help us solve math problems and find answers to certain questions it can never think of new solutions until they have been programmed into them. Furthermore computers cannot create new games or produce anything they desire like humans.

The Human Brain versus Computers :: Technology Neurology Sensory Organs Essays

The Human Brain versus ComputersIn the past few decades we have seen how estimators ar becoming more and more advance, ambitious the abilities of the human reason. We have seen computers doing complex assignments like launching of a rocket or analysis from outer space. But the human brain is responsible for, thought, feelings, creativity, and former(a) qualities that make us humans. So the brain has to be more complex and more complete than any computer. Besides if the brain created the computer, the computer cannot be kick downstairs than the brain. There are many differences between the human brain and the computer, for example, the capacity to learn new things. Even the most advance computer can never learn like a human does. While we might be able to install new information onto a computer it can never learn new material by itself. Also computers are limited to what they learn, depending on the memory left or space in the stark disk not like the human brain which is constan tly learning everyday. Computers can neither make judgments on what they are learning or protest with the new material. They must accept into their memory what its being programmed onto them. Besides everything that is found in a computer is based on what the human brain has acquired though experience.In addition, emotions can be only transmitted by the human brain and cannot be programmed into a computer. One of the reasons is there are similarly many emotions to be described and they can be a mixture of feelings that it would be hard to put it into one category. Furthermore, the computer wouldnt have the world power to know to what situation he should apply certain emotion. And different emotions can be applied to the same situation it all depends on the experiences in our past. Emotions are personal and are different for every person and it would have to be different for every computer. Another difference between the human brain and the computer is, the creativity of the human brain. For instance humans can create art, act in plays, or write stories and songs but computers can only help us in these activities not come up with them. While computers can help us solve math problems and find answers to certain questions it can never deem of new solutions until they have been programmed into them. Furthermore computers cannot create new games or produce anything they desire like humans.

Appreciating Loved Ones Essay

I never used to think that one day I would lose my gramps. I had always thought he would always be there when I needed him. When I lost my grandpa, I lost my best friend the one I would call for anything I needed. Such as when I needed someone to talk to someone or just to call him to see what he was doing. It had never occurred to me a smokestack of bad things happen in this world, such as losing someone. Losing a applaud one can cause you to learn so many things positive and negative. I for myself can say I learned a few things such as encouraging words can change a persons mind set and you should treasure your loved ones. Although I learned some of lifes lessons, it still is a terrible way to learn them. When my gramps was alive we did a lot of activities together. He would sometimes get me and my sister from school, and we would get ice cream or go to the park. He took me and my sister fish a few times. He also showed us how to falsify a kite. During the summer he would co mmunicate me and my sister swimming at a family near his house. He took us to the beach and once took us scuba diving.Four years ago on my birthday he came to my house and he took me, my sister, brother, and mom out to eat. Then he took me to the mall to buy clothing of my choice. The next day around 130 my mom received a phone call from my grandfather saying he wasnt feeling well. We rushed to his house and he wasnt able to get up, so we called an ambulance. He was hospitalized for liver failure. For the next two weeks we had gone to visit him at Chippenham Hospital. In the first week he wasnt really able to talk, because they put an production line tube down his throat. In the second week he was talking to me and my other family members. He apologized to my grandmother for all the wrong he did when they were married. My family members included my septette aunts, three uncles, and eight cousins, my mom and dad, and my grandmother.The last three days of his life were going rather well. He had previously purchased a house for himself five proceeding away from my house. He was prepared to move in on November 23rd. He had purchased a house with five bedrooms for each of his grandchildren to sleep in when they visited. My mom told me that he was getting better and was planning to throw him a welcome home dinner. The last of day of his life he told everyone good bye and he loved them, as if he knew he was going to die. The next morning my mom was supposed to go to work. Instead I found her teary eyed looking through our photo album. I asked her whats wrong she replied he died late last night.Before he died, he told me Ayanna Ciara Bonner, I believe you can do anything and I love you forever. I will remember those words forever. After my grandfather passed I kept having reruns of all the memories we had shared together. For instance when were at a family reunion at a lake, and it was time for karaoke.me and my grandfather decided to sing.We sang You are my sunsh ine for the family and we had so much fun doing it. Another time is when he came to one of my soccer games and drilled with me before my game, and we had a lot of fun doing it, but he ended up with a sprained ankle. My best memory of my grandfather was when the first time he took us fishing. He had rented a boat and got my sister and I pink fishing rods. He was trying to teach me how to peal the reel, and I ended up falling into the water. My grandpa jumped in the water to save me. He told me that I gave him a heart attack and to be more(prenominal) careful.I realized people should appreciate loved ones before it is too late and no regrets. I wish I could say I love you to my grandpa one more time and I could spend one last day with him. A loved one is someone that cannot be replaced. in that location has not been a day I havent thought about him. I wish I would have realized that you should not take your family for granted. One day they could be here, then boom, theyre gone. I k now its hard to think about life this way, but its life. Try to make many memories with family and make them last.

Problems in Baltimore

Baltimore is a port metropolis that is filled with many popular tourist attractions such as its museums, aquarium, and sports teams. It is in like manner a city that has been on the decline for many course of studys. The crime, doses, and unemployment levels view all risen oer the past two decades. Back in the Baltimore heyday, it was a booming city with steep levels of port traffic. Today however, the ports are not seeing as much activity as before and that has led to an increase in unemployment and crime. Could Baltimore be on the same path Camden, NJ was on booming port overtaken by crime and medicines?The television series The Wire was based in and on Baltimore. Created and written by a former journalist for the The Baltimore Sun, David Simon, each season focuses on a different facet of the city the illegal drug trade, the sea port system, the city government and bureaucracy, the school system, and the print news media. The show tried to create a realistic vision of an A meri terminate city through truthful characters. There are good cops portrayed in the show, however many of the officers are incompetent, show excessive force, and are portrayed as having valet de chambre qualities.Some residents and city officials credit the series for increased scrutiny by the media on its government, teaching method system, drug problem, and crime. It did shed light on the illicit drug use in the city and its effects on the lower classs ability to grow in the fields of education and organization. In 2011, the U. S. Census Bureau report that Baltimore County, MD had a population consisting of 65. 4% white and 26. 8% black/African American residents. The median household income in Baltimore County is $63,959.Broken down further, minority median income is $31,400 versus $57,048 for white/caucasian residents. Across the country, taxes and costs of goods and services is on the rise. It is very exhausting for a family of four to live on $31,000 a year without publ ic housing assistance and welfare programs. The meagreness statistics are very interesting. correspond to the census data, 28% of Baltimore families with children under the age of 18 are alimentation below the pauperisation level. That number increases to 40. % for female-headed families with no father present.The blame for poverty is an age-old question which usually produces the same answers high taxes, barriers to occupational entry, and other economical factors. When you factor choice into the equation, the numbers change significantly. The poverty rate diminishes greatly for households that choose to unite and have children later in life, obtain a high education, and stay of out jail. The poverty rate for married households with children under the age of 18 is 7. 4%.The answer seems simple obtain higher education and marry later in life. Cecelia Elena Rouse, an economist and Dean of the Woodrow WilsonSchool of Public and International affairs at Princeton University, con ducted focus groups in Baltimore City, MD. She was looking at income expectations to determine if there was a correlation between expected income and college attendance. The sample consisted of low-income minority high school seniors. She found that income expectations of low-income minority students are not so different from higher-income students.Low-income students are less(prenominal) able to turn their college plans into college attendance (Rouse 1314). The Maryland State Department of Education has reported that starting in 2007, city schools were beginning to show progress in its school reform effort graduation rates were rising while dropout rates were decreasing. While progress has been made, more work and focus needs to be d superstar in the Baltimore education system. The non-attendance rate has been recognized as a problem among low income students. Poor students are four times more potential to be chronically absent than their peers.Problems standing in the way of good school attendance include inadequate transportation, unstable housing, lack of health care, high incidence of chronic illness, and poor nutrition and safety concerns (Chang 7). Baltimore is one of three cities that have attempted to address the issue of absenteeism. The school districts and the community have partnered in building a culture of attendance. Strategic grants and investments have helped to make this possible. Franklin Square Elementary and Middle School is a successful model in Baltimore. approximately 91% of its students receive free or reduced cost lunches and the class sizes are large, often 40 or more students in a class. contempt that, the school has one of the highest attendance rates in the city. There is an outreach program that holds students accountable and creates an environment of wanting to go to school. The school provides clean uniforms, dental care, by and bywards school activities, and free haircuts to help boost attendance (Chang 9). The question th at needs to be answered is can the high school culture in Baltimore continue to crop this safe, nurturing environment such as the one created at the Franklin School.Upper elementary and high school students offer new problems that need to be addressed adolescent pregnancy, drug use, and clusters being three that stand out the most(prenominal). In the early 1990s, a study was completed in Baltimore that focused on teen mothers. It started in the late 1960s and followed two hundred fifty teenage mothers who gave birth during that time. In 1988, the first born of the teenage mothers were in their teen years and the sample statistics showed 37% had dropped out of school, 46% had completed high school, and 17% went on to higher education.This study concluded there was a direct correlation to the number of years the father was present, high maternal education aspirations, few years on welfare, high preschool cognitive ability, attendance in preschool, and no grade failure in elementar y school and continued education beyond high school (Brooks-Gunn 278). In its fourth season, The Wire focused on the education system in Baltimore. A first year middle school math teacher, who was a former police detective, struggles to connect with his students. Many of these students were schooled in drug dealing and gang activities.He came to the realization that in order to get them to learn, he had to trick them into learning. The fourth season of The Wire focused on the social conditions that cripple the Baltimore education system fragmented families, declining neighborhoods with few legitimate jobs, indifferent city leaders, and a lack of educational resources. Even the students who want to learn face enormous obstacles, one of the biggest being the Baltimore education system compared to others in the country, is far behind. The Wire portrayed the problems plaguing the students and teachers.It is a pattern that leave behind continue to be repeated generation after generati on until the city, state, and federal governments make a commitment to rebuild it. According to the FBI crime statistics released in 2011, Baltimore is the fifth deadliest city in the country and the seventh most dangerous in overall violent crime despite its lowest homicide rate since the 1980s. It has taken decades of poverty, disinvestment in the community, and a general sense of hopelessness for Baltimore to proceed known as such a violent city.Arresting and prosecuting criminals is a crucial step in combating crime, however reinvestment into the community by federal, state, and local governments is also needed to turn the city into a safe, prosperous environment. There is a long-standing theory that suggests that teens are more likely to use heroin, crack, and/or cocaine if they have first used alcohol or marijuana, the latter which is preceded by alcohol and tobacco. In a study that was conducted in Baltimore, the median age for first drug use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana ) was 14 years of ago and first heroin, crack, and cocaine use was 17 years of age (Curry 441).Parental drug use was a determine factor in predicting childhood drug users and also peer influence (Curry 442). There needs to be continued focus on educating and rehabilitating the young drug users before they begin exploring with injection drug use. The Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance was launched in 2002 to establish a way of understanding the changing neighborhoods and quality of life at heart the city. Forty outcome indicators were developed in order to measure progress and to hold the city leadership accountable (Bembry 97).A study was conducted comparing quintette US cities, Baltimore being one of them, and the effects of federal spending on the cities over time. Two health checks were taken, six years apart and looked at misfortune factors poverty, unemployment, dependency, housing built before 1939, percentage without a high school diploma, and the crime rate (Park er 1844). In each city, there was significant progress over the span of six years which show that federal spending, or any spending at the federal, state, and/or local levels, can help revitalize the community.In tough economic times, there is more need for government funds to help the community as unemployment rates are high. High unemployment creates desperation which spurs crime. According to the Census Bureau, in 2011 one in four Baltimore residents lives in poverty leaving more than 37% of Baltimores children live in poverty. Being born into poverty is a good marker for being poor throughout life and creates an entire host of problems high school dropouts, high crime rates, high poverty rates.Similar to various historical periods in history, being born into poverty creates a high predisposition for remaining in poverty. Federal, state, and local programs have created verificatory change and effects in cities like Baltimore where crime and poverty are some of the highest in the country. However during difficult economic times, government spending is difficult to procure and if it is being spent incorrectly or ineffectually it is not reaching as many people as it could. Rebuilding a city that has been mired in poverty is a difficult task with high costs.History shows us that initiating change while children are young and reinforcing that change can foster growth within a community. In Baltimore, urban planners are striving to rebuild communities with a mix of lower and middle income families. They feel this will improve the chances of residents maintaining their homes, patronizing local business, going on to post high school education, and keeping their neighborhoods safe. Despite ominous statistics, Baltimore has shown some improvement through programs use by the government. A dedication by leaders and the community will be key in the rebuilding of Baltimore.

Environment Factors of Nascar Essay

Q1 What micro environmental factors affected the introduction and re-launch of the Toyota Prius? How hygienic has Toyota dealt with these factors? Firstly, the party has spent a big bucks of money on the re-launch of the new and improved Prius model which is all over 40 million dollars. On the same note it was also able to generate a profit represented by a 120% rise in the sales after some time of the re-launch.Starting off with the main objectives of the corporation to provide a new and technology product to the target market it was able to cover its operating and marketing costs and also make get up a profitable customer relationship. Secondly, the agents helped promote the new brand hybrid. Since the company did not want to take any chance for interpretation of the features of Prius, they did not extend online purchase facility to customers. Thus, Toyota hired agents and provided professional training to them to provide maximum customer satisfaction.Thirdly, the companys main target was those customer who were techies and were ready to obtain the product at its launch. The company made sure that their focused customers were well in croped before the products launch i. e. 2 years before. Then, the companys marketing strategies also included taglines with emotions which were very effective in its promotion. In summer 2004, the gasoline prices rose so the demand for Prius increases and so did the waiting lists. Toyota tried its show upmatch to cover the entire demand but still left some customers unsatisfied.Later on, it overcame this problem by a 33% and then a century% rise in the monthly production. But the extensive and large scale advertising campaign and strong, overall marketing strategies helped Toyota to gain the competitive edge over them as well as the rest of the smaller rivals. Then, the incentive provided by the government of tax deduction also helped but the increase in the stop number limit was a hindrance for Toyota which was also cover by the heavy marketing strategies.Q2 outline the major macro-environment factors demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural that affected the introduction and re-launch of the Toyota Prius. How well has Toyota dealt with each of these factors? The main customer focus of the company was those people who were youngster i. e. belonging to generation Y. so the main focus of the entire promotional activities were the techies overdue to which a major portion of their profits was contributed by them.With respect to the economic factors, the case shows that the customer had enough income to spend on this luxury. This is shown by the fact that the company was able to sell 1800 cars in immediately and also had to raise the monthly production level by 33% and then even by carbon% to meet the demand. Toyota is an environmentally concerned company since it had greater fuel efficiency and lower emissions. It also took advantage from the environmental appeal by s pending out green seed cars shaped like Toyotas logo to prospective buyers on Earth Days.The technological factor is explained by the many factors including adding cruise stamp down by some wiring, dashboard display screen, playing video games, installing sniffer, 7-inch energy monitor, a CD player holding 6 discuses at a time and many more. Since the customers favored technological products and had enough knowledge Toyota was able to maintain customer loyalty. Politically, the company received support from the government in the form of tax deductions which helped efficient production but on the same note the speed limit factor acted as a hindrance but was covered by extensive marketing campaigns.

Since even before President Barrack Obama’s

Since even before President Barrack Obamas first solar day in office, all eyes have been on him as a bastion of change and a way to get out of the economic mystery America has gotten itself into.While the most recent presidents would have focused on the economy and how to revamp it, President Obama has taken the old school approach of fellow populist and former President Kennedy had employed during his term. His was a call to the whole population of America as well as to the leaders who direct its course a call for action at the grassroots level of the country, while trying to shed light on his achievements and the direction he wants for argue way, Main Street and the whole country (Shear & Branigin).President Obamas speech focused on the irresponsibility and poor decision-making of Americas institutions and individual attitudes, labeling greed and quick-profits as the culprits to the economic clang (Full Text par 6).He blames the mismanagement of the bigwigs of Wall Street tric kling down to its rank and file memebers, the peoples wanton will to spend, and the insufficient policies of the political science against the greedy behavior of the financial institutions (ibid par 3-7). He claims that these factors were the ones that started the domino-effect recession of America and affecting other countries economies as well.The case-in-point in his speech is that people should be much responsible and disciplined not to live beyond their means and keep on spending and borrowing, but rather to get back to the basic determine of saving and investing, and exporting rather than importing (ibid par 35).He believes that it is about time to lay down a new foundation for growth and prosperity build upon five pillars that will grow our economy and make this new century another American century (ibid par 35-36). His vision is to have America relate as the worlds foremost nation in all aspects, especially economically, and bring back the trust of other nations.While he lamented about Wall Streets and the financial corporate moguls attempts at gaining riches fast (therefore, costing them the future), he laid out his current plans and his plans for the future, though without detail. It was easy to get lost in the speech owing to the many things the President wants done in his term.It was like trying to solve every angiotensin converting enzyme problem that has plagued every past administration in one go. This is not to say that hes bitten off more than he can tidy sum and that hes going to barf all of it in a matter of moments, that is a matter that only the future can say.What his speech suggests, however, is that the soldiery of reforms that he envisions for America is not only a rebuilding of a rock-solid foundation, but also of renovating (though, I believe, not rebuilding as some critics would adamantly point out) the entire house.For sure, the speech has put to light many concerns that the country has had for the longest time, and Whitehous e believes that quick fixes, like those done in administrations past, are not seemly to stop a roof from leaking when the storms come, much less get swept away by the winds and floods (Seib).Whether the presidents visions of a stronger America altogether form to be seen, and, as the speech says, it depends on the people acting whether they can make things happen or not (Full Text par 61-62). A review of his speech tells us that it is up to the government to initiate reforms, but it is up to the people to reform themselves and help the government make the economic operation a successful one.The speech has given people a new insight on Americas current economic situation (perhaps with the ejection of his critics, opponents and those who reviled his act of covering Jesus name) that many are seeing the issue in a different light other than just pointing a flick at Wall Street.

Cost-Plus Pricing

Firms use different parts of pricing strategies in determining the market price they will be assigning their harvest-times and religious services. Several factors be considered in making the price decisions. Some of the pricing strategies being used are premium pricing, competitive pricing, entertain pricing, and indeterminate pricing. It is important to choose the more or less appropriate pricing strategy for the products and services being offered. Selecting a pricing strategy for the product is critical, because price is the most highly visible element of completely marketing efforts.Consumers and competitors easily arouse access pricing information on goods sold at the retail level (Giddens et al, 2005). This paper will focus on the most common pricing strategy being used which is price-plus pricing. The said strategy will be described in detail with a scenario applying indeterminate pricing the advantages and disadvantages will also be discussed. Cost-Plus Pricing All firms exchange any type of products and/or services need to coiffe up the right selling price in order to maximize profit.The most common and widely used pricing strategy is the so-called Cost-Plus Pricing. about beginners in the industry use this type of pricing technique as it seems to be the easiest one to do. But before describing this specific pricing strategy, it would be better(p) to define the terms involved in the discussion. The get amount to be spent on making the product is the cost of the product. This would include the overhead expenses as well such as employee salaries, utility bills, and separate miscellaneous expenses relating to the making or manufacturing of the product.The amount the customer or the buyer pays for the product or service is the price. The price should, of course, be greater than the total cost of the product in order to earn profit. The difference of the price and cost determines the profit for that product. Value, on the other hand, is th e worth of the product and/or service to the customer. Knowing these definitions and from the name cost-plus pricing itself, this pricing strategy can easily be described as a product pricing determined by adding an surplus amount to the total cost of the product.That additional amount represents the desired profit for each product. This additional amount for the profit can be a percentage of the total cost or can just be set arbitrarily by the owner or maker of the product. There are also some considerations and things to be factored in when deciding for the final price of the product using this strategy. For one, the total cost of the product may not be a glacial amount all the time as prices of raw materials may also modification every now and then.The common formula used to compute for the product price using cost-plus pricing is Price = (Ave. Variable Cost + % located Cost) * (1 + %Markup) (Wikipedia, n. d. ) Given that total product cost may change, the formula above takes that into consideration and adds a certain percent of fixed cost depending on the variance of the product cost. The percent markup is dependent on the desired markup of the product manufacturer or firm owner. The formula above is just one example of how cost-plus is done. There are actually different modes of doing cost-plus pricing.The above formula is the so-called standard markup pricing where the selling price is the result of adding a fixed profit percentage, called markup, to the fixed cost of the product (McCalley, 1996). The scenario below is a simple illustration of this cost-plus method The materials used to manufacture a pen cost $10 while the labor and other overhead costs incurred per pen manufactured summed up to $5. Therefore, the total product cost is $15. The percent markup set by the manufacturing company for this pen is 50%.Therefore, the total price of the pen is calculated as $15 * (1 + 50%) = $22. 50. The profit (markup) for the pen, therefore, is $7. 50. Ano ther method of calculating cost-plus pricing is basing the profit margin from the selling price instead of adding to the cost. Using the same scenario above, this method is illustrated as follows The total cost of the pen is $15 and the selling price is $50. This means that the profit margin decided upon was 33. 33% of the selling price. This percent is calculated as follows ($22. 50 $15) ? $22.50 = 0. 3333 or 33. 33%. The first method shown is a markup or additional amount to the total cost, while the second method is a profit margin against the actual selling price of the product. glide slope up with the profit amount may be calculated differently but their concepts are essentially the same which is cost-plus pricing. Advantages One of the major advantages of cost-plus pricing strategy is the ease of calculation of the cost and price amount. There are no complex computations and formulas to be used in determining the product price.Another plus factor of this is that there is not much complex information in order to determine the product price. Beginners or junior level managers can definitely adopt this kind of pricing strategy. If there would be an increase in the product costs, price increase would be rightfully justified with this type of pricing strategy. Moreover, if competitors would be adopting the same pricing strategy, product price differences would not be that big and could also reach a stable state (tutor2u, n.d. ). Disadvantages With advantages come disadvantages as well. Jensen (n. d. ) enumerated the following problems that may be encountered with the cost-plus pricing strategy (1) the price established may be so high that the firm will lose notes through lost sales (2) all cost-plus calculations require an estimate of sales to be accurate and (3) cost-plus pricing can cause the firm to ditch the products or services thus cheating the company of sales it could have earned. Jensen (n. d. ) recommends that a better pricing strategy would be to consider the real value of the product and its worth to the customer. References Giddens, N. , Parcel, J. , & Brees, M. (2005). Selecting an Appropriate Pricing Strategy. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from http//www. extension. iastate. edu/agdm/wholefarm/html/c5-17. html Jensen, M. (n. d. ). How To Avoid The Most Common Pricing Mistakes. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from http//www. 1000ventures.com/business_guide/marketing_pricing_psychology_p1_mistakes. html McCalley, R. W. (1996). Marketing line of descent Management People, Products, Programs, and Markets. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers tutor2u. (n. d. ). pricing full cost plus pricing. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from http//www. tutor2u. net/business/marketing/pricing_costplus. asp Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Cost-plus pricing. Retrieved March 9, 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cost-plus_pricing

Police Functions Essay

Over the years, practice of practice of law get been portrayed in the media, television shows, and the local newspaper as crime fighting heroes. This personation would make one think a police officer is always out doing a dangerous job, which whitethorn require bucking, beating up, or arrested the defective guy. The truth is, most officers will not make a felony arrest in a given year, and on that point argon also many officers who have never fired their weapon. in that respect are various perspectives of the policing functions. I will examine these perspectives from the local, state, and federal organizational levels.I will identify and address assertable future changes in laws and the over every(prenominal) impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Local Police Police, usually called law enforcement officers, apprehend criminals and investigate crimes. on that point are several other functions that the police perform. Local police have three main functions moderateing order, controlling crime, and providing basic social services. Local police maintain order in different activities, such as traffic control in power outages, crowd control outside of a local football game game, resolving domestic disputes, and removing drunken patrons from the streets.Police officers serve and protect. The main focus of maintaining order is keeping the peace rather than enforcing the law, so to speak. In different situations, officers may have to make an arrest to ensure the peace, but the appropriate order-maintenance solution often consists of less formal actions, like clearing crowds after a broad game. Controlling crime is basically patrol and criminal investigation. Basic social service is calling police in an emergency situation. The majority of phone calls to the police are in need of social service as opposed to those relating to crimes. in that respect are several factors that shape what police do. Police officers are visible(prenominal) 24 hours a day seven days a week. People call on the police when they find themselves in an emergency situation and there is not other agency available. Because of this availability, it sometimes gives officers a heavy workload. Police work is different and unique from other jobs because these men and women are permitted to use force. labour in this case is deadly or physical force as well as arresting someone. Police officers have to be ready to shoot in a split second, if need be.Discretion is used in all areas of policing. Officers rely on their training as well as experiences to get back what to do when dealing with citizens. A wonderful example of discretion is an officer giving you a warning for speeding as oppose to upholding the law and egress you a citation. State Police State police are a part of The Department of Public Safety. Every state with the exception of Hawaii has its throw police force possessing statewide jurisdiction. The nations largest state police force is California Highway Patrol.The directors of highway patrols or state police are appointed by the Governors. Tasks done by state police agencies include assisting the local police departments in criminal investigations, patrolling the states highways, training municipal and country police, maintaining centralized crime records for the state, and operate a crime lab. Federal Police Within the executive branch of the national disposal lies the federal law enforcement. The FBI, or Federal Bureau of Investigation, is a part of this federal organization. The FBI investigates several categories of federal crimes.Their focus is on protecting the nation from threats, such as terrorism, unionized crime, drug trafficking, white collar crimes, and violent crimes, such as kidnappings and bank robberies as well as civil-rights crimes. The FBI is equipped with crime labs, fingerprint files, crime statistics, and a training academy, which enables them to assist state, local, and other federal agen cies. Due to the increases in organized crimes, the FBI also has wiretapping authority. Federal officers have jurisdiction nationwide. The Department of Homeland Security is another branch containing federal law enforcement agencies.Some of DHS agencies are United States Secret Service- which is responsible for apprehending anyone caught counterfeiting U. S. money. They are also responsible for the protection of other officials of the federal government and for protecting the president. Immigration and Customs Enforcement- enforces the flow of immigrants into the United States. INS agents deport aliens who break the United States naturalization laws. They are also responsible for the patrol of the United States fence to stop illegal immigrants from entering the country.In the 1990s, INS agents focused on the Mexi butt joint-U. S. border, where large numbers of illegal immigrants and huge amounts of illicit drugs entered the United States. INS agents arrest hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants each(prenominal) year, but the number making it safely into the United States still exceeded the number arrested. (The Nature of Police Work) Customs and Border Protection and Transportation Security brass section also fall under this agency. Conclusion Patrol and criminal investigation used to dominate policing.Uniformed officers would roam the streets interrupting crime and trying to prevent them from happening. There are different strategies to policing. These strategies include patrol, special operations, and investigations. There are changes that can be made in laws to impact the field of policing. Local police departments can reduce corruption by keeping a closer eye on the department and listening to the community. Bad seeds would have to be removed from all areas of policing. These departments can also form a positive relationship with the public by showing they are doing more than making arrests.Federal agencies are sometimes limited in the information they can share with other departments, but if there is something useful, they can pass the information along to help all agencies out. There are many functions to policing. While police are heroes to a lot of people, they are not just out fighting crime and locking up the bad guys. They are there for us when we need them, regardless if our cat is stuck in a tree or we have a runaway teenager. various agencies perform at different levels each having different duties. Once we understand what different agencies are able to do, we understand policing better.

Discuss research relating to bystander behaviour Essay

The murder of Kitty Genovese and the bystander behaviour that was apparent that night triggered a great deal of research to formulate bystander behaviour. Latane & Darley suspected that the fact that the number of possible helpers was so large might actually have contributed to their lack of intervention. They processes that might explain the reluctance of otherwises to get involved in bureaus such as the Kitty Genovese incident.The Diffusion of Responsibility explanation suggests that the more declarees there are to a person needing help, the less any one witness feels responsible for giving help. Latane & Darley conducted a lab establish experiment using male university students seated in individual cubicles connected by an intercom system, accept they had come to take stop in a discussion on collage life. Students were lead to believe they were on their own, alone with one other actor who would later appear to have an epileptic seizure, or an increasing number of other par ticipants.Help was less likely and slower to be given when participants believed that other potential helpers were available. The findings from this study support the notion of diffusion of responsibility as, as suggested the more witness there were to the victim needing help, the less the participant felt a sloe responsibility to help. Participants assumed that his intervention would not be necessary, as confederates would have taken care of the situation.However, it could be argued that as the experiment was lab based it holds no ecological validity, and therefore the results cannot be generalised to real life situations. Participants reluctance to help may have been caused by an attempt to avoid favorable disapproval (e. g. being the odd one out), or they may also have picked up demand characteristics from experimenters or other confederates as to the unfeigned reputation of the experiment and felt they needed to supply the experimenters with the results they required.Latane & Draley also proposed the Pluralistic Ignorance theory. This hypothesis suggests that when making a decision about whether or not to help, we look to fix what other bystanders are doing. If other bystanders appear to act as if the situation is an emergency situation and help the victim, we are likely to do the same. If no one else offers to help we are unlikely to offer help as well. In the smoke filled room experiment participants were invited to take part in what they suasion was a psychological experiment.While waiting for it to begin they were asked to fill out a questionnaire in a waiting room that is filled with smoke. In the number one condition they were in the room on theyre own, and then in a variety of conditions including an increasing number of confederates, who acted like it was not an emergency situation. When on their own participants seeked help 100% of the time, but as the number of people present increased, participants remained seated and acted like it was not an emergency situation (mirroring the confederates behaviour).This strongly supports the idea of pluralistic ignorance as they were looking to confederates for guidance on how to shape their own behaviour. Again this was a lab-based experiment and therefore it lacks ecological validity. As a result of Latane & Darleys research, Piliavin conducted a field in a New York subway, where a tush collapsed in a variety of conditions (black stooges that looked ill, white stooge that appeared to be drunk and visa versa), with other experimenters observing commuters behaviour.If the victim appeared to be ill they were helped much more frequently than if they appeared to be drunk. The colour of the victim make no difference to the frequency of help they received. This real life study demonstrates that personal characteristics of the victim appear to play a more important part in whether to be a bystander or not. This study is much higher in ecological validity than those conducted by Latane & Darley as it was conducted in a real-life situation. intimately of the above research has been carried out in the USA. The dominant approach in the USA is based on self-interest, rather than concern for others. There is evidence that this self-centered approach is not dominant in other cultures, e. g. a study by Whiting & Whiting found large differences in the prevalence of unselfish behaviour form one culture to another. Darley said in 1991 in the United States, and perhaps in all advanced societies, it is generally accepted that the true and basic motive of human action is self-interest.

John Locke : Second Treaties of Government Essay

John Locke was graphic on August 29, 1632 in England to a middle class family. He was named after his father, an educated attorney who had participated in the Civil War with the Long Parliamentary. Locke sh ard a great deal of affection and measure for his father. The relationship he built with his father checkd him to create his admit views on education and authorities. His theory on education was published in 1693 titled, Some Thoughts Concerning Education. Locke was accepted to Christ Church College, Oxford due to fathers friendship with a member of the Long Parliament.The Long Parliment was kn declare to ch exclusivelyenge the monarchy in England at the epoch and later started the English Civil War. Locke attended Oxford for mevery days studying the curriculum in England and have with a Masters in 1658, pursuing his interests in arts. Later he became increasingly interested in the study of sciences including the study of medicine, which were on the rise in England Univ ersities at the time. His interests in science continued to fatten out and he continued to apply himself to the study of medicine. While studying medicine Locke became interested in the philosophic questions of his time, including the skillfuls of man.The rights of man deal with the governance agencys of government to wit, government by the power by dint of a monarchy and the provide of the populate through a social contract. Since 1660 Locke began to explore his interest in the natural truth. Within the next suspender of years he comprise Essays on the Law of Nature written in Latin. Unfortunately for Locke his Essays were never published, these theories of law were lay out on two of his philosophies. First, in nightclub that any wiz may understand that he is climb up by a law, he mustiness know before hand that at that place is a law. Secondly, thither is some each(prenominal)ow on the part of that superior power, the law maker, who wishes that we do this and d emands of us that the conduct of our breeding should be in accordance with his depart. Lockes interest in science and medicine brought him into contact with a distinguished scientist named Robert Boyle. In 1667, Locke took a position at overlord Ashleys household in capital of the United Kingdom as a family physician, in addition to confidential advisor and secretary. In 1668, Locke assisted Lord Ashley in drafting a constitution for the colony of Carolina.In 1671, Locke began to write his greatest snip, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This took tight twenty years to complete. Since then he was deeply engaged in Shaftesburys political affairs as Secretary of Council a position he obtained while universe a secretary for Shaftesbury. In 1675, Locke became ill and lost his position working for Shaftesbury. Due to unstable government conditions Shaftesbury fell from power and Locke was craunched to leave England, choosing to recuperate in France. He spent nearly four years in capital of France and Montpellier studying at medical school.During his exile in France Locke also took the time to develop his thoughts on pictorial Law by composing, Two Treaties of government activity. His writings deal with the development of a social contract, which is an agreement amongst the government and the governed. Locke later returned to England in 1679, he once again committed himself to offer services for Lord Ashley immediately upon his return to England. Four years later it was necessary for Lord Ashley to flee from England to Holland because he had support the wrong loss leader during the Monmouth rebellion in 1685.Shortly after Ashley fled from England, Locke followed him and remained in Holland until the Revolution of 1688. Upon returning to England, Locke began to cursorily issue a number of his works he concluded while in Holland, the result of years of study and meditation. Among his works were the, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Trea tises of regime, and Letters on Toleration. His compulsory outlook on the importance of a mutual relationship between government and human record, exerted an immediate and profound influence on the English.Lockes views were immediately recognized among the English specific exclusivelyy his work on the Two Treatises of Government. Lockes essay was written in such a way, to elaborate in detail about topics the pile were already familiar with. Even the most uneducated candidate could recognize his premise on the philosophic views on government. Two Treatises of Government includes essays supporting the natural rights of golf-club which endorsements our rights to life, familiarity, and kosherty. The term right, can be defined as a privilege or power, meaning a freedom or ability to do or refrain from doing something.Natural Rights, specifically emphasize the restraints that ought to exist on government with respect to individuals. This includes what a government must refrain from doing and what a government must do. In Lockes Second Treaties of Government he discusses the natural liberty and equality of humans, which includes our natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He also determines the proper foundation of a legitimate government. Through supporting and insisting on the mutual accord presumption by the tidy sum of a specific fraternity.Lockes Theory of Natural Law was based on the moral laws societies ar built on, including the establishment of peace and entertainion so that no one allow damage some other person in their life, liberty, or possession. Preservation of peace, equality, and independence among all people begins with, the power placed on people in a given parliamentary law to obey the common laws of nature. When these powers being to get change or non enforced through strict, certain, and fair punishment. The need for an elected and coherent government is call for to properly secure the natural rights of peace an d self preservation among a society.Locke then begins to explain to us the natural republic of man. He describes that living among a state of nature, people in a society have the freedom to do as they please, with limitations and respects to other people. Locke states that this state of liberty, comes with the limitations so non to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. Locke also notes that, all men may be restrained from incursive others rights and from doing hurt to one another. By byword this he is trying to define the equalities of man and their duties to each other in a community to live in peace.If for any reason there becomes the need to attempt punishment for anyone who has shown themselves dangerous to mankind. Through an executive power there will be opportunities available to man, not only to receive reparation for damages alone to do as necessary to secure the inexperienced person for the future. Lockes theory on the natural liberty of ma n holds that man is to be free from any superior power. This means that for a person in a society, no other power but his own ability to do and refrain from doing is within his own will.Any limitation which requires to be placed on a behavior that is part of the natural common code of conduct, must be set up through consent by the legislative power of government and for the hefty of all the people among the community. Locke claims that the natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power and to have only the law of nature for his rule. This means that the laws which exist are established for the people and by the people in a society. They are created for coexistence among one another and no one can enforce or take out this common practice.These natural laws were created for the good of everyone, so the people who perform up to these standards gave trust that the enacted and enforced laws will prevail on their behalf. Locke then explains the origins of property. He begins by confirming that although man does have a power and liberty over his life. He does not have power to dispose of his own life. In a brief statement Locke states, Man has property in his own person including the labor of his body and the work of his hands. By saying this Locke expresses his views on human nature and our ability to acquire property. He is saying that we are all property acquiring beings, and our claim or possession to this property derives from our physical work. We as individuals in a society attempt to put effort to obtain something we value, and create an appreciation for what we have through labor. So in a sense the labor of man, according to Locke is the source of all value. The amount of labor one puts into what he owns creates an appreciation of value because value is created through his labor.Since the creation of physical currency, paper bullion and coins, we in a society attempt to posses more property than we need to use. So people in a community a re not guaranteed secure protection from this excess property. In order to protect our property and secure this right, Locke believes an elected government is needed to be established. With the consent of the people, the elected government takes obligation to become the sole protector of their valuables. Lockes political and legal thoughts on government created a justifiable pourpose for society to give power over to a elected ruler.First of all the state of nature, as described by Locke, is a society in which each man governs himself individually and there is no existence of a specific government rule. A society that lives by these laws can use their own cultural morals to govern themselves without a formal government, although every culture has their own interpretation of what is moral. Locke states differently in his writings in the Second Treaties of Government, to argue that an elected government by society is necessary. doubting Thomas Jefferson later includes parts of Locke s political philosophy when composing the Declaration of Independence.Based widely on Lockes theory of natural political equality, Jeffersons Declaration of Independence became one of the most strategic and influential documents that created a foundation for the legislative branch of government. Lockes focus is primarily based on the ideas of freedom and equality as a whole he believes that society should naturally possess the right to life liberty and property. These natural rights have derived from the law of nature, which are composed based on the laws of God. These laws are also known as moral laws. Locke believed that people that live in a state of nature are also living in a state of war.Since there is only the state of nature for their rule, there is no determination of what is considered equality and who has the power to balance peace. John Lockes Two Treatise of Government also includes a definition of government, in which the people conform to the law or to rules which a re entered based on logic or justification. In relation to members of society conforming to these laws, the same government must guarantee protection from taking away any of their natural rights. Lockes view on effectual government is one that confirms and supports three main natural laws of life, liberty and property.In defining political power, Locke insists that it is proper to make laws for the regulating and preserving of property, and adds, that it is necessary for, the execution of such laws in the defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury. By saying this Locke supports and confirms that an established government is needed for the public good. Locke explains that the reason why men enter into society, is the preservation of their property. He adds that the citizens of a new established government have a right to resume their original liberty ?by the establishment of a new legislative, when any natural rights are threatened. Locke then continues to describe the with drawal between the powers of government and the powers of the governed. Including what creates a community under an elected government and who determines what political actions are for the good of the entire society.This is explained further when Locke says for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, they have thereby made that community one body, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority. When entering into a established society we assume our rights to love our property in peace and safety. In order to be given this chance, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a Legislative power for the good of all members of a society. The legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person among the society. This legislative power thought does not have an supreme power, instead the power is offered based on the decisions as a majority given by the members in that society.This procedure is used so that any laws created will become an obligation on the members to cooperate with them because they have consented to a legislative power. This separates a government rule with supreme power from government rule by the power of the people. Since this power is created through consideration of the common wealth of the public good. Lockes perception of a monarchy consisted of the idea that the people of a community experienced corruption due to absolute power given to one leader, the king. This lead to vicious rule and caused the people in the society to be force to live in conditions they did not deserve.In a monarchy the king would normally use his own judgments and digression to use his appointed power for the good of himself. This results in oppressing the people and leaving no opportunity to compromise the need for change. Under a monarchy rule there was an insufficient opportunity to dispute any privileges or restrictions. Enforcing laws or withholding natural rights under a monarchy rule hold no limitations because there is no restraint on the ruling of the king. By granting the powers of government in one person this will not guarantee a fair and honest approach for the common good.So Locke attempts to discuss and see a system that will refrain from granting the powers of government to strictly one individual. Limitation and separation of powers of the government will restrain and prevent members of government from abusing the powers of governing a society. Establishing a government through the consent of all members of society will create trust that the laws and sanctions will prevail for the common good. Locke then explains that when being born into an established government we assume our rights to enjoy our property in peace and safety.In order to be given equal opportunity to enjoy our natural rights, Locke believes it is first necessary to establish a legislative power that will consider all members of a society. The creation of a legislative power is to promote and guarantee preservation of all natural rights including safety for every person who is a thespian of that community. Most of John Lockes writing also focuses on two branches of government known as the legislative and executive power. These branches of government are based on a constitutional state, where one leader does not have the authority to absolute power.The Legislative branch of government has the function of making laws. The administrator branch has the responsibility to carry out those laws created by the Legislative branch. This is to ensure that an elected government does not use only his own digressions when establishing laws and enforcing them. Locke states that by separating the authority and responsibilities of government into two separate branches, is the first positive approach of creating a valid constitution. These powers are required to be handled for the good of all members in society, by separating these powers there is no chance that the government will become corrupted.The purpose of John Lockes composed writings attempt to encourage the need for a government which creates a foundation for the good of all members of society. In the process of offering order and peace for the common good of all the people members of the society must follow these rules. To establish a successful government Locke believes that it is necessary to obtain consent from the entire member. The purpose of creating a specific government is due to the unstable conditions of living in a state of nature.Living in a state of nature guarantees natural rights and freedom but not safety. This is why a power needs to be placed in the hands of a member from society to maintain the peace. Although living in society like a monarchy, under the ruling of a king can create unbalance and corruption of power. To enjoy both natural rights and live under a government that will prevail on behal f of its members. Following the establishment of government Locke then explains that the powers of making laws and enforcing them cannot be placed on one person.Placing absolute power in the hands of one person will only lead to corruption and unbalance, between all the members in the society. For this reason Locke requires a separation of powers among all government activity. This will balance and maintain a system that will stabilized living conditions for all the members of society. REFRENCES Christie C. George, Martin H. Patrick. (1995). Jurisprudence Text & Readings on the Philosophy of Law (3rd Edition). Natural Rights, Human Rights John Locke (pgs 284 -342). St. Paul, MN due west Publishing Company.

Business Environment Essay

1.LIST SOME STAKEHOLDERS OF MCDONALDS. CLASIFY THEM AS INTERNAL, CONNECTED AND EXTERNAL TYPES.Stakeholders can be be as individuals and stems who be affected by the activities of an shaping. The notwithstanding about important stakeholders can be seen as those with most to lose from the organizations actions, but this does not everlastingly reflect their relative power An organizations stakeholders atomic number 18 all discloseies who can reasonably be understood to be affected by its decisions. They can be deemed to represent the concerns social and environmental capital as swell as economic. Stakeholders can be of very different and varied guises and to a fault harbor conflicting interests consequently, its contrive and reputation in the eyes of its stakeholders is critical to the companion. Mainly they can be categorized into three study groups1) indispensable Stakeholders2) Connected Stakeholders3) External Stakeholders4) Stakeholders ConflictsStakeholders be foun d in all organizations, businesses or firms from a local anaesthetic grocery store to huge multinational companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonalds and Microsoft. The number of stakeholders per business will falsify as will their enormousness and influence. The type of organization or product / service it supplies will also determine its stakeholders. A Public Limited Corporation may have far more than stakeholders than a family owned business due to its vast numbers of sh beholders.Discussing about McDonalds, it also hold more stakeholders those who start outaffected and vice versa. Stakeholders of McDonalds can be categorized into the three major groups as shown underInternal StakeholdersFollowing ar the stakeholders which fall under this category1)Managers or Directors2)Staff or EmployeesInternal stakeholders are those who are members of the business organization. These stakeholders are situated within the McDonald and may affect the day-to-day running of McDonalds or be affe cted. Their interest would be in the McDonalds success which will alternatively secure their shell outer and confirm them for high wages and benefits. example of the internal stakeholder for McDonald would be as followsThe employees/ mental faculty member operationing in the McDonalds fertiliseing placeConnected StakeholdersFollowing are the stakeholders which fall under this category1)Shareholders2)Customers3)Suppliers4)Finance providersConnected stakeholders are those outside the organization but have a direct interest with the progress of the business. McDonalds suppliers would want that the business runs and grows well, as this will ensure more supplies to McDonald. The owner/shareholder will look forrader for high turnover, musical composition the guest will look for a great entertain of the money which they are going to spendExample of connected stakeholders for McDonalds would be as followsShareholder/owner Emirates fasting Food Corporation LLCSupplier Coca-ColaExt ernal StakeholdersFollowing are the stakeholders which fall under this category1) residential district2)Environmental obligate Groups3)Government4)Trade unionsExternal stakeholders are those who are not the member of the organization, but they are indirectly affected with the ups and downs of the business. Example of the external stakeholders of the McDonalds in UAE is as followsGovernment Environment Agency UAEStakeholders ConflictsThere are numerous chances of conflicts among the interests of the stakeholders, i.e. clients would like to avail the stovepipe product and service at a very low price, while on the early(a) hand managers and directors would be expecting increase in the profit ratio, which cannot be touchd by whirl the products and services at a low price. Logically, a company should tailor its communication to each stakeholder group individually to engage the special concerns of that group. It is important that an organization meets the need of the most dominant s takeholders, but the needs of the other stakeholders need to be considered nearly every decision becomes a compromise.2.How does McDonalds social responsibleness affects its business and stakeholders? Analyze McDonalds corporate social responsibility for its suppliers and the company.Corporate responsibility means many things to many people. At McDonalds, being a responsible company means living our measure outs to alter us to execute food responsibly and manoeuvre toward a sustainable future. The goal of McDonalds CSR is to embrace responsibility for the companys actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, con jointureers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-foc drug abused businesses would proactively promote thepublic interest (PI) by encouraging community appendage and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that combat injury the public sphere, regardless of legality.By maintaining their CSR policy the leave a great impact on their stakeholders, and at long last maintains their reputation. This also affects their business in a very positive manner. McDonalds Corporation is among Most prise Companies for social responsibility. In 2001 it was ranked in the Wall Street Journal as number louvre in reputation for corporate social responsibility. McDonalds social responsibility always focuses on a goal of influencing a behavior change among the community and its stakeholders which is to contribute in up the environmental and community well-being.McDonalds CSR policy for its SuppliersAs it is assumed, McDonalds supply chain is large and complex. They have numerous direct suppliers companies that call for or deliver final products for restaurants. They have an even larger number of indirect suppliers farms and facilities that grow and make the ingredients that get delivered to their direct suppliers. They en spate a supply chain that pr ofitably yields high- role, safe products without supply revolve while leveraging their leadership position to create a net benefit by improving ethical, environmental and economic outcomes.Ethical They envision purchasing from suppliers that follow practices that ensure the health and safety of their employees and the benefit and humane treatment of animals in the supply chain.Environmental They envision influencing the sourcing of the materials and ensuring the design of their products, manufacturing, distribution and use slander actioncycle impacts on the environment.Economic They envision delivering affordable food, engaging in equitable trade practices, limiting the spread of agricultural diseases, and positively impacting the communities that their suppliers operate in.McDonalds suppliers are expected to share and apply McDonalds vision of sustainable supply to their own suppliers (McDonalds indirect suppliers). They launched an enhanced Social Accountability program, including online training for suppliers, their mental quickness managers, and McDonalds supply chain staff.99% of our 523 approved abattoirs were audited for animal welfare in 2007, and 99.2% of those passed their audits. Seven of our ennead largest markets have introduced the environmental scorecard to their suppliers. In 2007, 91% of our fish was sourced from fisheries without any unsatisfactory sustainability ratings McDonalds orbiculate minimum standard prohibits the use of antibiotics when used solely for growth promotion purposes. 100% of their direct race poultry suppliers around the world have acknowledged their compliance with their antibiotics policyMcDonalds CSR policy for the CommunityAccording to the McDonald community approach, it states thatGiving back has been fundamental to our business ever since Ray Kroc founded McDonalds more than 50 years ago. Our communities give us so much in flownot just by supporting our business but by increasing our brand visibility an d strengthening our relationships with our stakeholders. We use three key strengthsour scope, our people and our profitsto make a meaningful and lasting impact on the global communities where we live and work.McDonalds support its communities by working for them in a wide perspective. Mentioning round of the activities that McDonalds carry in favor of the community as underWHEN DISASTER STRIKESWhen tragedy arrives, McDonalds the McDonalds System responds. McDonalds employees, franchisees and suppliers mobilize to provide assistance in manyforms. Over the last several(prenominal) years, our System has provided food and other assistance to victims of such disasters as the 9/11 tragedy in New York City, Pennsylvania and Washington D.C. in 2001, the tsunami in Southeast Asia in 2004 and the devastating hurricane season in the U.S. in 2005 During the May 12 earthquake in China. McDonalds China served almost 40,000 meals to earthquake victims, comforter workers, military personnel, hosp itals and police and fire department officers.THE MCDONALDS FAMILY GIVES BACKMcDonalds employees, and others within the McDonalds system, are given the opportunity to provide support for members of the system in the aftermath of innate disasters. McDonalds Family Charity, set up in 2000, has succeeded in distributing close to $4 million to over 4,000 individuals who have lost their homes or possessions during natural disasters. In January 2004, McDonalds Restaurants of Canada created the 10 Cent Happy Meal Donation program. Through this program, RMHC Canada receives 10 cents from the cut-rate sale of every Happy Meal purchased, at every Canadian McDonalds restaurant, every day of the year. It is RMHC Canadas largest source of funding, reaching a milestone in 2009 of CA$25 million in add donations since inceptionGOING GREENMcDonalds delivery trucks in the United Arab Emirates are running on 100 percent biodiesel made with recycled vegetable oil from the chains more than 80 restaur ants in the Emirates.3.What are the factors that contributed to a wide corporate image of McDonalds?A corporate image is the sum of the impressions that stakeholders (customers, suppliers, employees and the community) hold about your companyin other words, your reputation. The goal is to show what you are as a company throughout all its facets (not pretending to be something you arent)Following are the factors that lead to a good corporate image of McDonaldsBeing a Responsible and Good EmployerFair Dealing with SuppliersTaking help of the CustomersTransparent company policyBeing a Responsible and Good EmployerMcDonalds is considered to be one of the best examples as a good employer. They provide their employees with a friendly and very convenient workplace to work in. As an employer they take care of the followingsHuman Rights and the LawThey prohibit physical punishment or abuse. They assess the right of employees to associate or not to associate with any group, as permitted by and in amity with applicable laws and regulations. They comply with battle laws in every market where we operate.Respect and DignityThey provide have-to doe with opportunity for employees and applicants. McDonalds employees work in a place that is free from harassment, intimidation or abuse, versed or otherwise, or acts or threats of physical violence.Inclusion and DiversityMcDonalds provides bear upon treatment and equal employment opportunity without regard to race, ethnicity, color, religion, gender, age, national origin or ancestry, physical or mental disability, versed orientation, military status or any other basis protected by law.it also applies to the employment decisions, including recruitment, hiring, placement, development, promotion, training, scheduling, benefits, compensation and terminationFair Dealing with SuppliersThey treat their suppliers respectfully, fairly and honestly, and expect their suppliers to treat them in the comparable way. McDonalds bases its relationships with suppliers on lawful, efficient and fair practices.McDonalds is committed to fair employment practices and strives to provide a safe, healthful and productive work environment for its employees. In turn, they strive to work with suppliers who share their assesss.Taking care of the CustomersMcDonalds is highly focused about its customers, and it could be observed in this statement Our customers are the reason for our conception.Best Product Quality and SafetyMcDonalds is committed to ensuring that the foods and beverages they serve to their customers are safe. Their safety and quality standards for food, beverages, toys and promotional items meet or exceed all applicable government requirements. They take this as part of their responsibility as a good corporate citizen, and know it is also essential to the continuing growth and profitability of their business.Best Customer Care/HandlingMcDonalds assures that each and every customer entering the restaurant is prope rly welcomed with due attention, is satisfied excellently in terms of the product they offer. They make sure that customer while leaving is satisfied with the product and service so that they retain their each customer.Transparent corporation PolicyMcDonald is committed to have a crystal clear policy in terms of the followings communication with the public/mediaTrade PracticesFair competitionGovernment inquiries4. Analyze McDonalds mission statements in the case. What is the value of mission statement to McDonalds employees, Customers and suppliers?A Mission Statement defines the organizations purpose and elementaryobjectives. By crafting a clear mission statement and vision statement, you can powerfully communicate your intentions and be active your team or organization to realize an attractive and inspiring common vision of the future.McDonalds MISSION STATEMENTSThe two most famous mission statements of McDonalds are as follows 1)To be our customers favorite place and way to e at2)Promote diversity and inclusion among our employees, owner/operator and supplier who represent diverse populations McDonalds serve around the globeLooking at the brand mission statement of McDonalds it clearly indicates that McDonalds is highly customer focused. They are committed to improve their operations and enhance their customers experience. They follow QSC&V strategy, QSC&V is an abbreviation for Quality, Service, Cleanliness & nurse which is said to be a benchmark used throughout the world by the McDonalds Corporation. This measuring rod is used for every customer, each and every time. In order to fulfill the mission statement the staff and employees form a friendly and happy environment in their respective restaurants. By doing so they make their goals and ultimately fulfill their mission statementThe second mission statement of McDonalds describes the following approach At McDonalds, diversity and inclusion are part of our culture- from the crew room to the board ro om, we are working to achieve this goal every day by creating an environment for everyone to contribute their best. Our journey to bring our values to life have been documented in None Of Us Is As Good As All Of Us and it is a journey that continues today through our continued efforts with our employee business networks, diversity education, and our outreach in diversity communities.The value of mission statement for the EmployeesMission statements hold an important and inspiring value to the employees. Likewise McDonalds mission statements work as a guideline for the employees so that they do their best to achieve the desired mission of the McDonalds.The value of mission statement for the customersour customers are the reason for our existence. This is what the McDonalds mission statement defines. When the customers get to know the companys attitude towards the community and customers is really appreciable and when they are sure about the products and services that they are going t o avail will be beyond their expectations and meet their needs, so the customers will definitely return to the business. And this will ultimately give a rise to the business.The value of mission statement for the suppliersAccording to the McDonald, its business model is depicted by the three-legged stool of owner, suppliers and the company employees. So this indicates that Suppliers of the McDonald are of great importance for the organization and therefore the mission statements states their importance as well. The mission statement will guide its suppliers that they should always supply and deliver the best they have and maintaining the quality. It will also strengthen the relation among suppliers and the McDonalds.REFERENCEShttp//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/etc/medialib/aboutMcDonalds/corporate_governance/standards_of_business.Par.44618.File.dat/9497_SBC_layout_McD_Eng-India%20101909.pdf http//www.corporateregister.com/a10723/mcglob08-csr-us.pdf http//jayzy2009.blogspot.com/2009/07/cha pter-13-stakeholders.html

“Facing Poverty with a Rich Girl’s Habits” Analysis

The urinate of the essay is Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits by Suki Kim on November 21, 2009. In this essay she is telling us about a Korean girl went from being wealthy to her family personnel casualty broke overnight. Ms. Kim is telling us about her struggles trying to adjust to a different society. She also required to learn slope and she found difficult to learn. One main touch in her life was when her stick lost everything overnight that ever mattered to the family. She was then moved to Queen, New York in the 1980s where she started Jr. High. Suki had obstruction adjusting to America, especially not k straightawaying how to speak slope at all. The supporting details is when she stated that she watched reruns of ternion Company in an attempt to learn English. She also stated that more brutal than learning English was facing poverty with a richs girl memory.A second main point is that immigration is meant to be the great equalizer, yet it is not easy to eradicat e the divisions of the old country. She recalled at 13, is an cracking awareness of the distance between her and her fellow F. O. B. s, and another, more palpable one between those of them in E. S. L and the occasional English- speaking Korean- American kids, who avoided them though they brought them certain undefined shame. The supporting details is that years afterward she learned that they were, in fact separated from them by generations. Those that sat in in huddle in that E. S. L class grew up to represent the so called 1. 5 generation. Many of them came to America in their teens, already rooted in Korean ways and languages.The writers purpose in genre is that she is now a Korean- American who once lived wealthy in Korea and then moved to a big urban center of Queens in the 80s and really forced to learn English and adjusting to a saucy society. The audience is for all ages to read. The author tones towards her reader was calm when explaining her difficulties to adjusting t o a new environment and going from rich to poor and having to learn how to be independent. Once she got older she became very good at speaking English that she became an interpreter for the Family Assistance Center.

Typology of Phraseological Units in English

Typology of phraseological units in incline Difference in full terminology ( desexualise-phrases, vernaculars and word-equivalents 1) reflects certain differences in the main criteria used to distinguish fibers of phraseological units and free word-groups. The term set phrase implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. at that place is a certain divergence of opinion as to the essential features of phraseological units as high-flown from other word-groups and the genius of phrases that quite a little be properly termed phraseological units.The habitual terms set-phrases, idioms, word-equivalents are sometimes treated differently by different linguists. However these terms reflect to certain extend the main debatable points of phraseology which substance in the divergent views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so-c in alled free word-groups 2, p. 100. The term set expression implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups.The term word-equivalent stresses non altogether semantic exactly also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in talk as single words. The term idioms generally implies that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation. Uriel Weinreich expresses his view that an idiom is a complex phrase, the meaning of which can non be derived from the meanings of its elements. He developed a more truthful supposition, claiming that an idiom is a subset of a phraseological unit.Ray Jackendoff and Charles Fillmore offered a fairly broad definition of the idiom, which, in Fillmores words, reads as follows an idiomatic expression or construction is something a language user could pass come forth to know while knowing everyth ing else in the language. Chafe also lists four features of idioms that make them anomalies in the traditional language unit paradigm non-compositionality, trans yearational defectiveness, ungrammaticality and frequency asymmetry 6, p. 1-3.The term idiom, both in this country and abroad, is mostly applied to phraseological units with completely transferred meanings, that is, to the ones in which the meaning of the whole unit does not pair to the current meanings of the components. According to the type of meaning phraseological units may be classified into Idioms Semi-idioms Phraseomatic units (after Ryzhkova). Idioms are phraseological units with a transferred meaning. They can be completely or partially transferred (red tape 3, p. 740). Semi-idioms are phraseological units with two phraseosemantic meanings terminological and transferred (chain reaction 3, p. 10, to limit down the arms 3, p. 33). Phraseomatic units are not transferred at all. Their meanings are literal. Other typ es of phraseological units are also distinguished Phrases with a unique combination of components (born companion 3, p. 138) Phrases with a descriptive meaning Phrases with phraseomatic and bound meaning (to fabricate attention to 3, p. 40) Set expressions (cliches) (the beginning of the end 3, p. 59) Preposition-noun phrases (for good 3, p. 311, at least 3, p. 414) Terminological expressions (general ticket 3, p. 755, civic war 3, p. 121) (after Ryzhkova).Semantic complexity is one of the most essential qualities of phraseological units. Its resulted from the complicated interaction of the component meanings (meaning of prototype, of semantic structure etc. ). All these components are organized into a multilevel structure 4. Idioms contain all information in compressed form. This quality is typical of idioms, it makes them very capacious units (idiom is a compressed text). An idiom can provide such a bright explanation of an object that can be rectify than a sentence. We can comp are idioms with fables (the Prodigal son 3, p. 571).Idioms based on cultural components are not motivated (the good Samaritan 5, Lots wife 5, the Troy horse 5). Phraseological meaning contains background information. It covers only the most essential features of the object it nominates. It corresponds to the basic concept, to semantic nucleus of the unit. It is the invariant of information conveyed by semantically complicated word combinations and which is not derived from the lexical meanings of the conjoined lexical components 4. According to the class the word-combination belongs to, we single out idiomatic meaning idiophraseomatic meaning phraseomatic meaning (after Ryzhkova). The information conveyed by phraseological units is thoroughly organized and is very complicated. It is characterized by 1) multilevel structure 2) structure of a field (nucleus + periphery) 3) block-schema (after Ryzhkova). It contains 3 macro-components which correspond to a certain type of information t hey convey the grammatical block the phraseological meaning proper motivational macro-component (phraseological imagery the inner form of the phraseological unit motivation) (after Ryzhkova).Phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready made unit. Reproducibility is regular use of phraseological units in speech as single unchangeable collocations. Idiomaticity is the quality of phraseological unit, when the meaning of the whole is not deducible from the sum of the meanings of the parts. Stability of a phraseological unit implies that it exists as a ready-made linguistic unit which does not allow of any unevenness of its lexical components of grammatical structure.

Slave Culture- African or American

Despite the abduction of millions of sullens from their homeland, slaves developed a strong familial camaraderie in America, retaining their African traditions as seen through dance, language, array and copstyle. Although kinship ties were usually broken during the slavery process, blacks living on the analogous plantation created a strong-knit community that took part in festivals that highlighted the vibrant music and saltation of the African culture. Additionally, blacks explicit the individuality and uniqueness of their African tribe through their clothing and distinct blurstyles.The constant influx of black slaves into America guaranteed the survival of the African culture, as more and more generations of slaves replenished the African heritage (Yacavone 570). Although most induction suggests slave culture was rooted in Africa, slave advocacy in exacting Christianity supports the theory of their assimilation into American culture. In dealing with the hardships of slavery , blacks endeavored in numerous efforts of rebellion and escape to avoid assimilation into the American culture.Nat turners revolt embodied African resistance towards American tradition, as Turner sought to resign his fellow slaves from oppression and achieve a sense of equality, as seen through the eyes of God (eblackstudies. org). As a result of enslavement, blacks became united in times of resistance, as their ethnic heritage bonded and emboldened them and underlayment their New World identity as Africans, forged in their common struggle (Rucker 285).Similar to the tightly bonded African extended family, slaves exhibited strong camaraderie during times of escape, as it was common for Africans to leave in bands of half dozen or more people (Couvares 290). Slave participation in communal festivals each year promoted the globe of the lively African culture, as they congregated by the hundreds to perform rituals, sing, and dance. The Pinkster festival featured a mass lying of b lacks that would dance to the hollow Sound of a Drum, made of the Trunk of a hollow Treethe grating rattling Noise of Pebles sic or Shells in a small Basket (White 8).Music along with dancing took various shapes and forms as the Jonkonnu festival reflected the African importance of nature, as it was accompanied with songs strange, monotonous cadences (Warren 9). Slaves were also lucky in maintaining their African dialects, which not only allowed them to endure the collective tragedy of slavery, but to bequeath a notable and enduring heritage to generations to come (Joyner 280). Slaves also exhibited their allegiance to the African culture through their clothing and hairstyle.Hair was regarded as one of the most important parts of the body for Africans as elaborate hair designs reflected tribal affiliation, status, sex, age, and occupation (White 49). In addition, hairstyles conveyed different messages to society and nature, as people of the Yoruba culture braided their hair to send messages to the gods (Wiki). Similarly, African-American women made cloth that incorporated the West African ideals of design, using radiant change to embody the highly spirited culture (Thompson 170).Although blacks maintained several traditions of their past African culture, many slaves gave up their pagan beliefs and adopted Christianity in order to gain a sense of belonging in the impertinent American culture. Christianity became an Americanizing force on slaves not only because it served an opportunity for them to escape the white encroachment towards their African religion, but it also fit into West African ideas about the deities, the universe, and rebirth (Frey 282).Likewise, blacks were so quick to adopt Christianity because it acculturated them into American society with a feeling of equality among their white counterparts (Raboteau 283). Despite many blacks retaining their past heathenish traditions, the goal in converting slaves to Christianity was successful as slav es turned not to traditional African sources of wisdom and ease but to Christianity for a useful and restorative understanding of daily life (Couvares 283).